Athenian Democracy essays

Athenian Democracy essays A Democracy is defined as a government of, by and for the people. Originally, democracy meant rule by the common people. In this sense, and even before the beginning of modern class society, it was very much a class affair. It meant that power should be in the hands of the largest class: the poorest, least educated and the propertyless. As a result, democracy was feared and rejected by the educated, the cultured, and the wealthy. In classical Greece, democracy was seen by the enlightened and the educated as one of the worst types of government and society imaginable. The rule of the people was regarded as a threat to all the cherished values of a civilized and orderly society. It would curtail individual freedom and would lead to anarchy. The political system of ancient Athens was a Democracy, which involved all of its citizens and not only their representatives, by giving then daily access to civic affairs and political power. Both decision-making and decision-enforcing were the duty of every citizen, not just of those elected by them or by their leaders. The citizens of Athens were directly involved not only in government matters, but also in matters of justice, as there was no separation of powers in ancient Athens. The Athenian Democracy is one of the more intriguing aspects of political history. It is a source for much of our modern conception of democracy, but it is also quite singular in many of its features. Athenian Democracy started developing at the beginning of the 6th century BC. This development began not by a revolution of simple people demanding political rights, but by the initiative of the ruling class of ancient Athens in slow evolutionary ways. By the middle of the 5th century BC, Athens had developed into a pure and absolute Democracy. In 594 BC, Solon was appointed into power. He took immediate measures to relieve the citizens from the burden of their debts and at the same time began an institutional eff...

buy custom Childhood Obesity and Health Research essay

buy custom Childhood Obesity and Health Research essay Purpose/Statement of the Problem According to research done in Mississippi in 2009, researchers surveyed over 15000 children under the age of 8-11 and discovered that most of the obese children are nervous and sad (Mississippi, West Group 2009). This has significantly affected their psychological growth and lead to their loss of appetite. Obesity is the condition where the body has accumulated too much fat because of an unbalanced diet or taking too much carbohydrate. It limits the lifespan of these obese children, hence wiping out future generations in the society. As a result, only the weak and old are left to enhance development and growth economically in the society. Although scientists have invented medication for children over the age of 16, they have still not yet discovered drugs to cure obesity or control the rate of obesity for children under the age of 16 (Kiess, 2004). The greatest and most traumatic effect of obesity in children is the risk of heart failure and diabetes. Moreover, the obese childrens parents are forced to incur massive medical bills to tender to their medical conditions, and this may result to lack of capital to educate the child (Davies, Fitzgerald Mousouli, 2007). Socially, obese children have extremely low self esteem. This denies them their childhood happiness, as they are stigmatized by their peers. This makes them withdraw socially from others in the society. The stigma from the peers also affects the childs performance in class since he, or she lacks self confidence (Flamenbaum, 2006). What is lacking is research into the quality of life that these children have once they become obesity free. As the general goal in obesity treatment is to keep the child alive, the psychosocial elements of the childs life are often neglected. In addition, there are various educational implications that obesity has on children, especially in school. Learning problems is an example of late effets that an obese child faces, and this affects his or her grades extremely (Brownell Fairburn, 2002). Research Question What are some of the ways that parents can respond to their children who are obese, so as to reduce some of the implications that obesity has on both their social and education development? Hypothesis Children recuperating from obesity will have better educational outcomes in schools, which have employed specific programs aimed at reintegrate children who have survived from obesity, as well as, those that have been absent in class due to diseases caused by obesity; hence, acknowledging the psychological, social, and educational effects of the disease, in those schools that do not. Plan of activities/Research design A comparative, cross-sectional descriptive research design will be employed to test this hypothesis involving children recovering from the diagnosis of diseases caused by obesity such as heart failure in Mississippi region. Participants Research participants will be elementary and middle school students (age 8 to 11) who are recovering from any form of heart failure cause by obesity requiring treatment. Participants will be recruited through a letter of information to parents sent on behalf of the School Board, with whom we have already secured support for this research. The children will be categorized into two groups according to the existence of a school support program. Recruitment from schools will continue until we have secured participation from enough children to enable the conduct of appropriate tests of significance of the effects of the obesity recovery program. Data collection First, the structure and organization of the various school re-entry programs will be examined to ensure that they are sufficiently comparable. Once this has been ascertained, participants will be asked, with the assistance of their parents, to fill in a series of questions pertaining to their obesity diagnosis, treatment regimen and prognosis, measures of their social economic status. This information has influence on educational outcomes and their educational scores in school on diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by obesity, such as heart failure and diabetes. Data analysis Childrens grades for three core courses (math, science, English) will be tabulated into an overall average (i.e., percentage) and compared via multiple regression by the existence of an obesity recovery program or not, controlling for the intervening variables noted above. Appropriate tests of significance will be conducted where possible to either confirm or disconfirm the research hypothesis. Potential significance The education of children who are obese and those who have survived from diseases caused by obesity is a particularly significant issue. This is because school is one of the primary agents of socialization for children and reinforces a sense of normalcy. This is especially noteworthy, since children with diseases caused by obesity have been forced to take up patient's role, rather than that of the student or child like their peers. With the information obtained through this research, future directions for school obesity recovery programs can be outlined based on the needs indicated by those affected. Buy custom Childhood Obesity and Health Research essay

Ferns Cottage Land Law Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ferns Cottage Land Law Issue - Essay Example The owner of the land in question is known as the dominant tenement of the land, and the person benefiting from another land, in this case, Adelaide, is known as the servient tenement (Law & Martin, 2009). The main subject of review in Adelaide’s situation has to do with easements and the ability to use these easements. An easement, according to the dictionary of law, is defined as a right of the owner to benefit from the other land (Burdick, 4). From a servant's point of view, easements are the rights that one person has over someone else’s land (Thompson, 47). The Law of Property Act of 1925 outlines the four characteristics that define what an easement is. Documents relating to this act state that there must be a dominant and servient tenement (not possessed and occupied by one person), the easement must be for the benefit of the dominant tenement, the tenements must be owned or occupied by two different persons, and the easements have to be competent in developing t he subject-matter of a grant (Legal easements, 187). These four criterions in the definition of an easement were outlined in the case of Re Ellenborough Park. The judge ruled in this case that the residents on the property could take pleasure in an easement because fulfilling all four characteristics gave them the right over the easement. In Adelaide’s situation, the easements, or the privileges that have been enjoyed by her, include the route to the highway, the shed she used to park her car, and the light that will be blocked from Adelaide’s windows (if the new owner builds a building overlooking her cottage (Burdick, 4)). Adelaide’s chances of winning the rights to these easements will be based on the evidence she has supporting the privileges that she has over the landowner’s field. Adelaide’s has the highest possibility of winning the easement over the short-cut route on the field. There are two ways that an easement can be obtained. An easeme nt can either be given by an expressed or implied grant, or by prescription (Legal easements, 187). Adelaide’s most substantial argument would be to prove that she is entitled to these easements by prescription, defined by the courts as an easement obtained by showing a continual use of land over a long period of time (Dictionary of Law). According to The Handbook of the law of real property, easements by prescription can be granted if they are used for 20 years or more, set by the English Prescription Act passed in 1832 (Burdick, 411). In Adelaide’s case, she has a good chance of winning the right to the route across her field by prescription. The continuous use of this path gives her permission for this easement. Adelaide can prove continuous use by showing the well-worn ruts on the road that has developed over time by the act of her driving on it and as a result of this occurrence being on a regular basis. Adelaide has strong evidence to win this easement because it was known to the dominant owner that she had been using the path for a reasonable manner (to get to the freeway). This complies with the rights outlined for obtaining an easement by prescription (Burdick, 414). Also, this easement is visible, also another characteristic of an easement by prescription (Burdick, 413).